Framing

We make very different decisions based on how a fact is presented. The same core information can be dramatically reframed through words, numbers and imagery to greatly influence decision-making.

#perception

  1. Druckman, J. (2001). The Implications of Framing Effects for Citizen Competence. Political Behavior, 23(3), 225-256. Retrieved July 25, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/1558384
  2. Chappell, C. (2018, November 27). Climate change in the US will hurt poor people the most, according to a bombshell federal report. Retrieved July 25, 2020, from https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/26/climate-change-will-hurt-poor-people-the-most-federal-report.html
  3. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1985). The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice. Behavioral Decision Making, 25-41. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-2391-4_2
  4. Thomas, A. K., & Millar, P. R. (2011). Reducing the Framing Effect in Older and Younger Adults by Encouraging Analytic Processing. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 67B(2), 139-149. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbr076
  5. Yacoub, M. (2012). Emotional Framing: How Do Emotions Contribute to Framing Effects?. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. https://doi.org/10.17615/bgv2-bz55
  6. Raffoni, M. (2014, July 23). How to Frame Your Messages for Maximum Impact. Retrieved July 26, 2020, from https://hbr.org/2009/04/leaders-frame-your-messages-fo
  7. Cheng, F., & Wu, C. (2010). Debiasing the framing effect: The effect of warning and involvement. Decision Support Systems, 49(3), 328-334. doi:10.1016/j.dss.2010.04.002
  8. Kim, S., Goldstein, D., Hasher, L., & Zacks, R. T. (2005). Framing Effects in Younger and Older Adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 60(4). doi:10.1093/geronb/60.4.p215
  9. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 211(4481), 453-458. doi:10.1126/science.7455683
  10. Bibas, S. (2004). Plea Bargaining outside the Shadow of Trial. Harvard Law Review, 117(8), 2463. doi:10.2307/4093404
  11. O'connor, A. M. (1989). Effects of framing and level of probability on patients' preferences for cancer chemotherapy. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 42(2), 119-126. doi:10.1016/0895-4356(89)90085-1
Examples: